云南小粒咖啡的种植技术Planting Techniques of Yunnan Small Grain Coffee
一、适宜环境（云南核心条件）
海拔：800–1200米最佳，600–1800米可种
温度：年均18–22℃，无霜冻；昼夜温差大利于风味积累
降水：年1000–2000mm，雨季匹配生长期
土壤：疏松深厚、排水好；pH 5.5–6.5；砖红壤/红壤/黄壤/砂壤，土层≥60cm
地形：静风缓坡（≤20°）、平地，忌积水
二、品种选择（云南主流）
卡蒂姆（Catimor）：主栽，抗病、高产、易管理
铁皮卡、波邦、卡杜拉：精品豆，风味佳但抗病弱
云咖系列（云咖1/2号）：自主选育，精品化、高产
三、育苗技术
选种：3年以上健康母树，饱满无病虫鲜果，晒干脱壳
催芽：3–7月播种；沙床催芽，保湿遮荫
假植：子叶展平、真叶露尖时移入营养袋；主根留3–4cm防弯根
壮苗标准：袋苗高≥30cm、茎粗≥0.5cm、分枝1–3对；地播苗高≥40cm
四、定植与建园
整地：11月–次年2月；坡地做梯田，挖排水沟
密度：株行距1.2×2m～1.3×2m，约4000株/公顷
定植：雨季（5–7月）；穴施有机肥+磷肥；苗带土团，深度与原土痕齐，压实浇水
遮荫：幼树40%–50%荫蔽；结果树30%–40%；种银合欢等豆科遮荫树（约120株/公顷）
五、田间管理
1. 水肥管理
施肥：
底肥：有机肥≥30吨/公顷+磷肥
幼树：薄肥勤施，氮为主
结果树：花前、幼果、采后三次追肥，氮磷钾配合
水分：雨季排水防涝；旱季灌溉，保持土壤湿润
2. 土壤覆盖
定植后冬季全台面覆盖（厚15cm，离主干10–15cm）；可用秸秆、豆科绿肥
降温保湿、保水、防杂草、增有机质
3. 整形修剪
幼树：定干30–40cm，培养3–4个主枝，形成矮干多分枝
结果树：采后回缩更新，疏除病弱枝、过密枝，保持通风透光
4. 除草与间作
人工/机械除草，忌伤根
行间可种花生、黄豆等豆科作物，固氮+覆盖
六、病虫害防治（绿色为主）
病害：叶锈病、炭疽病；选抗病品种，合理修剪，雨季喷波尔多液/多菌灵
虫害：咖啡天牛、蚜虫、介壳虫；物理诱杀+生物防治，少用高毒农药
七、采收与初加工
采收：4月中旬前，人工采鲜红成熟果，分批多次采
初加工：
湿法（精品）：鲜果→脱皮→发酵→清洗→晾晒/烘干→脱壳→分级
干法：鲜果直接晒干→脱壳→分级
1、 Suitable environment (core conditions in Yunnan)
Altitude: 800-1200 meters is optimal, 600-1800 meters can be planted
Temperature: Annual average of 18-22 ℃, no frost; The large temperature difference between day and night is conducive to flavor accumulation
Precipitation: 1000-2000mm per year, rainy season matches growth period
Soil: loose and deep, well drained; pH 5.5–6.5； Brick red soil/red soil/yellow soil/sandy soil, soil layer ≥ 60cm
Terrain: calm and gentle slope (≤ 20 °), flat ground, avoid water accumulation
2、 Variety selection (mainstream in Yunnan)
Catimor: Mainly planted, resistant to disease, high-yielding, and easy to manage
Tiepika, Bobang, Kadura: premium beans with excellent flavor but weak disease resistance
Yunka Series (Yunka 1/2): Independently selected, refined, and high-yielding
3、 Seedling cultivation technology
Selection: Healthy mother tree over 3 years old, plump and disease-free fresh fruit, sun dried and shelled
Sprouting: Sow from March to July; Sand bed promotes germination, moisturizes and provides shade
Pseudo planting: Move the cotyledons into a nutrient bag when they are flattened and the true leaves are exposed; Leave 3-4cm anti bending root at the main root
Strong seedling standard: bag seedling height ≥ 30cm, stem thickness ≥ 0.5cm, 1-3 pairs of branches; Ground sowing seedlings with a height of ≥ 40cm
4、 Planting and Garden Construction
Land preparation: November to February of the following year; Terraced fields on sloping land, digging drainage ditches
Density: Plant spacing of 1.2 × 2m to 1.3 × 2m, approximately 4000 plants per hectare
Planting: rainy season (May July); Apply organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer through holes; Seedlings with soil clumps, depth equal to the original soil marks, compacted and watered
Shade: Young trees provide 40% -50% shade; Result tree 30% -40%; Planting shade trees such as Acacia and other leguminous trees (about 120 plants/hectare)
5、 Field management
1. Water and fertilizer management
apply fertilizer:
Bottom fertilizer: organic fertilizer ≥ 30 tons/hectare+phosphate fertilizer
Young trees: Apply thin fertilizer frequently, with nitrogen as the main source
Result tree: Apply fertilizer three times before flowering, young fruit, and after harvesting, with a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
Moisture: Rainy season drainage and flood prevention; Irrigation during the dry season to keep the soil moist
2. Soil cover
After planting, cover the entire tabletop in winter (15cm thick, 10-15 cm away from the main trunk); Available straw and legume green manure
Cooling and moisturizing, water retention, weed prevention, and organic matter enhancement
3. Plastic surgery and trimming
Young tree: fixed stem of 30-40cm, cultivate 3-4 main branches to form short stem with multiple branches
Result tree: Retract and renew after harvesting, remove weak and overly dense branches, and maintain ventilation and light transmission
4. Weeding and intercropping
Manual/mechanical weeding, avoid damaging roots
Leguminous crops such as peanuts and soybeans can be planted between rows, with nitrogen fixation and mulching
6、 Disease and pest control (mainly green)
Diseases: leaf rust, anthracnose; Choose disease resistant varieties, trim them reasonably, and spray Bordeaux mixture/carbendazim during the rainy season
Insect pests: coffee beetle, aphid, scale insect; Physical trapping+biological control, reducing the use of highly toxic pesticides
7、 Harvesting and initial processing
Harvesting: Before mid April, manually harvest bright red ripe fruits in batches and multiple times
Initial processing:
Wet Method (Premium): Fresh Fruit → Peeling → Fermentation → Cleaning → Drying/Drying → Peeling → Grading
Dry method: Fresh fruits are dried directly → shelled → graded